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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Bilingualism effect for delaying dementia onset: a Bayesian meta-analysis.

Ziyuan Li1, Stefano Coretta1

  • 1Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Lifelong bilingualism may delay dementia symptom onset by over three years, but does not prevent dementia incidence. Further research is needed for dementia subtypes.

Keywords:
Bilingualismalzheimer’s diseasebayesian meta-analysisbilingualism effectdementia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Aging
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Lifelong multilingualism is linked to cognitive reserve and potential protection against dementia.
  • Previous studies show mixed results regarding bilingualism's effect on dementia onset age and incidence rate.
  • Existing research often relies on retrospective designs, with limited prospective evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct the first Bayesian meta-analysis on bilingualism's association with dementia onset age.
  • To examine bilingualism's relationship with dementia incidence rate.
  • To explore potential differential effects across dementia subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Bayesian meta-analysis of 18 studies on age at dementia onset.
  • Bayesian meta-analysis of 6 studies on dementia incidence rate.
  • Subgroup analyses were performed based on dementia type.

Main Results:

  • Bilinguals experienced dementia symptom onset an average of 3.45 years later than monolinguals (95% CrI: [2.8, 4.1]).
  • The effect of bilingualism on onset age was minimally influenced by years of education.
  • No robust evidence was found for bilingualism reducing dementia incidence rate.

Conclusions:

  • Bilingualism is associated with a delay in dementia symptom onset but not prevention of dementia incidence.
  • Delayed onset was consistently observed across studies, but varied by dementia type.
  • Further research is required to clarify bilingualism's differential effects on non-Alzheimer's dementias.