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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Knee Joint01:23

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Foot Osteochondroses.

Antonio Mazzotti1,2, Gianmarco Gemini2, Laura Langone2

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Foot osteochondroses are rare bone conditions affecting children, often caused by mechanical stress and delayed ossification. Early diagnosis and rest are key to managing symptoms and preventing deformities.

Keywords:
avascular necrosiscartilagedeformityfootjointsosteochondritisosteochondrosispediatricstarsal bonesvascular supply

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Osteochondroses of the foot are uncommon conditions impacting pediatric patients.
  • A comprehensive understanding of these conditions is limited in current literature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed narrative review of foot osteochondroses.
  • To consolidate knowledge on definition, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review incorporating historical reports and current research.
  • Anatomical mapping of pain and ossification centers to classify different forms.

Main Results:

  • Commonly affects the calcaneus, navicular, and lesser metatarsals.
  • Multifactorial etiology including mechanical stress, vascular issues, and delayed ossification.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical findings, radiography, and MRI.

Conclusions:

  • Foot osteochondroses require careful evaluation, especially in children.
  • Prompt recognition and standardized management can mitigate long-term complications.
  • Joint rest is crucial during the acute phase.