Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Digital Eye Strain from Digital Device Usage Among University Students: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2026

Same author

Immediate Effects of Light Mode and Dark Mode Features on Visual Fatigue in Tablet Users.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2025

Same author

Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of four functional tests in community-dwelling older adults with high risk of falls.

Turkish journal of physical medicine and rehabilitation·2024

Same author

Determination of Body Composition in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia Using Data From Practical Measures.

Journal of aging and physical activity·2023

Same author

A comparison of muscle activity, posture and body discomfort during the use of different computer screen sizes.

International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Published on: July 28, 2022

Differences in Posture, Neck Angle, and Body Discomfort During Various Electronic Device Usage with Virtual

Roongnapa Intaruk^1,2, Praphatson Sengsoon^1,2

¹Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|September 27, 2025

Summary

Using electronic devices in virtual classrooms can cause neck strain and discomfort, especially with smartphones. Maintaining varied postures and taking breaks is crucial for reducing musculoskeletal issues.

Keywords:

neck angle notebook posture smartphone tablet

More Related Videos

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Engineering Education via WebVR-Based Online Laboratories

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Engineering Education via WebVR-Based Online Laboratories

Published on: February 23, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Published on: July 28, 2022

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Engineering Education via WebVR-Based Online Laboratories

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Engineering Education via WebVR-Based Online Laboratories

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

Ergonomics and Human Factors
Digital Health
Musculoskeletal Health

Background:

Prolonged virtual classroom use impacts student posture and comfort.
Sustained static positions, not just incorrect ones, cause musculoskeletal strain.
Limited research compares device-specific effects on posture and discomfort in virtual settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare posture, neck angle, and body discomfort in female students using smartphones, tablets, and notebooks for 20 minutes in virtual classrooms.
To investigate the impact of different electronic devices on physical strain during online learning.

Main Methods:

Twenty-four female university students participated in three randomized 20-minute virtual classroom sessions.
Posture assessed via Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), neck angle by motion analysis, and discomfort via visual analog scale (VAS).
Repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction used for statistical analysis.

Main Results:

Significant differences in posture (RULA scores) and body discomfort (VAS) were found across devices (p < 0.05).
Notebooks showed the best posture, while smartphones induced the greatest neck flexion and discomfort.
All devices led to increased discomfort after 20 minutes of sustained use.

Conclusions:

Sustained virtual classroom posture increases neck deviation and discomfort, influenced by device type.
Postural variability and active breaks are essential for mitigating musculoskeletal strain in technology-based learning.
Findings emphasize the need for ergonomic interventions beyond just maintaining a 'correct' posture.