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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model
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Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Evolution, Limitations, and Molecularly Guided Future.

Castalia Fernández1,2, Raquel Ciérvide3, Ana Díaz4,5

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain.

Biomedicines
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has evolved with advanced techniques and targeted therapies. Despite improvements, challenges like recurrence and resistance necessitate ongoing research for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
MGMT methylationadvanced imagingglioblastoma multiformeimmunotherapiespersonalized medicineproton therapyradiotherapytargeted therapiestemozolomidetumor treating fields

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis.
  • Recurrence and treatment resistance are major challenges in GBM management.
  • Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone of GBM treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of RT techniques for GBM.
  • To discuss current treatment guidelines and emerging therapies.
  • To highlight challenges and future directions in GBM RT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and modern RT techniques (IMRT, VMAT).
  • Analysis of standard treatment protocols (Stupp protocol) and adjuvant therapies (TTFields).
  • Examination of factors contributing to recurrence and radioresistance (EGFR, PTEN, hypoxia, stem cells).

Main Results:

  • The Stupp protocol with temozolomide (TMZ) improves overall survival (OS).
  • Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) further extend survival, especially in MGMT-methylated GBM.
  • High recurrence rates within 2 cm of the irradiated field persist.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced RT techniques and adjuvant therapies improve GBM outcomes.
  • Tumor biology, hypoxia, and stem cells drive resistance and recurrence.
  • Personalized RT strategies, novel agents, and advanced imaging are crucial for future progress.