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Contemporary and Emerging Therapeutics in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: In Memory of Professor

Inderjeet Singh Bharaj1, Ajit Brar2, Aayushi Kacheria1

  • 1Abrazo Health Network Internal Medicine Residency Program, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.

Biomedicines
|September 27, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKM) involves interconnected diseases. New therapies, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 RAs, alongside AI, offer improved CKM management and outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome links cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity.
  • Shared mechanisms like insulin resistance, inflammation, and neurohormonal activation drive CKM progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging therapeutic strategies for CKM syndrome.
  • To highlight novel agents and technologies impacting CKM management.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of evidence from clinical trials and mechanistic studies.
  • Review of established pharmacotherapies and novel agents.
  • Exploration of RNA-based therapies and artificial intelligence in CKM.

Main Results:

  • Established drugs (SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 RAs, finerenone) show efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events, slowing renal decline, and improving metabolic outcomes.
  • Emerging therapies target lipoprotein(a), IL-6, and hepatic fat; RNA-based treatments modulate gene expression.
  • Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a CKM modifier, with resmetirom approved for MASH.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated therapeutic approaches combining pharmacotherapies, novel agents, and AI are crucial for CKM management.
  • Understanding CKM as a systemic syndrome is key to optimizing patient outcomes.
  • Emerging technologies and treatments are expanding the therapeutic landscape for CKM syndrome.

Keywords:
CKM syndromeGLP-1 receptor agonistsMASLDRNA-based therapiesSGLT2 inhibitorsartificial intelligencecardiovascular diseasechronic kidney diseasefinerenonemetabolic syndrome

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