Do Peri-Urban Areas Act as Refuges for the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)?

The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a key species in many Mediterranean ecosystems, especially as prey for numerous Iberian predators. Due to its population decline and spatially heterogeneous recovery following different diseases, there is a need to understand the factors driving local abundance, and a potential refuge effect of anthropized sites has been speculated. In this study, 18 peri-urban areas in Central Spain were selected and a rabbit abundance index was measured in those areas and in parallel controls. Urban occupation and vegetation cover around sampling points were measured, as well as distance to roads, forest patches, and rivers, as factors which can drive rabbit abundance. Linear models were built to unravel general trends in data, from the perspectives of vegetation vs. human occupation and larger landscape-scale effects on rabbit abundance. Negative effects of urban development, distance to roads and proportion of pastures on rabbit abundance were identified, in addition to a positive effect of distance to large forest patches. Regarding urbanization, differences were found among urban types, with a significant negative effect of single-family residential occupation in comparison with multi-family and commercial/industrial occupation. In short, urbanization affects rabbit density, but it does not produce a generalized refuge area surrounding human settlements.