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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

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Published on: September 8, 2023

Lightweight Quantum Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme in the Smart Grid Environment.

Zehui Jiang¹, Run-Hua Shi¹

¹School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 27, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a quantum-secure identity authentication and key agreement scheme for smart grids. The proposed method enhances communication security against quantum threats, ensuring reliable power system operation.

Keywords:

Bell state identity authentication key agreement quantum communication smart grid

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Area of Science:

Cybersecurity
Quantum Information Science
Power Systems Engineering

Background:

Smart grids utilize smart terminal devices for data collection, load forecasting, and power system optimization, enhancing efficiency and reliability.
Advancements in quantum technology threaten the communication security of smart grids reliant on classical cryptography.
A robust security solution is imperative to safeguard smart grid communications in the quantum era.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a quantum-secure identity authentication and key agreement scheme tailored for smart grids.
To address the vulnerabilities of traditional cryptography in smart grids against quantum attacks.
To ensure secure communication for smart grids in the face of emerging quantum threats.

Main Methods:

The scheme is based on the principles of quantum private comparison.
It employs Bell states as quantum resources, integrated with hash functions and XOR operations.
The design accommodates resource-constrained terminal devices common in smart grids.

Main Results:

A formal security proof demonstrates the scheme's resilience against diverse cyberattacks.
Experimental evaluations confirm the scheme's robustness, even in noisy quantum environments.
The proposed solution offers a practical technical pathway for quantum-era smart grid security.

Conclusions:

The developed quantum-secure scheme provides a viable solution for smart grid communication security.
It effectively mitigates risks posed by quantum computing to existing cryptographic infrastructure.
The scheme possesses significant practical engineering value for future smart grid deployments.