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Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

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Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Based on N-APSK Modulation over Seawater Channel.

Lei Mao¹, Zhangtao Liang¹, Zhiyue Zuo¹

¹School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We propose an N-symbol amplitude and phase shift keying (N-APSK) modulation for continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) over seawater. This N-APSK scheme significantly enhances transmission distance compared to traditional methods.

Keywords:

N-APSK modulation continuous-variable quantum key distribution seawater channel

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

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Area of Science:

Quantum communication
Optical engineering
Information theory

Background:

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is feasible in seawater but suffers from signal attenuation.
Existing modulation schemes limit the effective transmission distance in aquatic environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the transmission performance of CVQKD over seawater channels.
To introduce advanced modulation techniques from classical communications to quantum applications.

Main Methods:

Developed an N-symbol amplitude and phase shift keying (N-APSK) modulation scheme.
Optimized the N-APSK scheme by maximizing the minimum Euclidean distance (MED).
Simulated the performance of CVQKD with N-APSK modulation in seawater.

Main Results:

N-APSK modulation enables longer transmission distances for CVQKD in seawater compared to Gaussian modulation.
Increasing the number of symbols (N) in N-APSK further extends communication range by expanding constellation points.
The study demonstrates a substantial improvement in quantum communication distance.

Conclusions:

N-APSK modulation is a highly effective strategy for improving CVQKD performance in lossy seawater channels.
Transferring classical modulation techniques to quantum communications offers significant benefits.
This research promotes the integration of quantum and classical communication systems.