Collision Tumor of Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma and Kaposi Sarcoma in an HIV-Negative Elderly Woman: The First...

Background/Objectives: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a rare peripheral T-cell lymphoma of follicular helper T-cell (TFH) origin, often associated with immune dysregulation and EBV-positive B-cell proliferation. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), typically arising in immunocompromised individuals. The synchronous occurrence of AITL and KS in HIV-negative patients is exceptionally rare, with only three cases previously reported worldwide. Case Presentation: We describe an 81-year-old HIV-negative Korean woman presenting with progressive generalized edema and dyspnea. Imaging revealed multifocal lymphadenopathy. Excisional biopsy of the inguinal lymph node showed two distinct but adjacent neoplastic processes. The AITL component demonstrated a polymorphous infiltrate of atypical TFH cells expressing CD3, CD4, CD10, PD-1, and Bcl-6, with monoclonal TCR-γ rearrangement and TET2 and RHOA mutations. The KS component comprised spindle cells with slit-like vascular spaces, red blood cell extravasation, and immunoreactivity for HHV-8, CD31, CD34, and ERG. The findings were consistent with a collision tumor. Despite supportive care, the patient's condition deteriorated, and she was discharged with palliative care. Discussion: The coexistence of AITL and KS in an HIV-negative setting raises important pathogenetic considerations. AITL is characterized by profound immune dysregulation, with depletion of normal T-cell subsets, abnormal B-cell activation, and cytokine milieu changes that may favor latent viral reactivation. This immunologic environment may permit HHV-8 reactivation, thereby facilitating the development of KS even in the absence of overt immunodeficiency due to HIV infection. Our findings support the hypothesis that AITL-related immune dysfunction may create a permissive niche for HHV-8-driven neoplasia. Conclusions: This is the first reported case in Asia and the fourth worldwide of a collision tumor comprising AITL and KS in an HIV-negative patI dient. The case suggests that AITL-associated immune dysregulation may facilitate HHV-8 reactivation and KS development even in the absence of HIV infection. Awareness of this association is critical for accurate diagnosis and optimal patient management.