Phenotypic Switching of VSMCs in the Development of CVDs: Focus on miRs

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are one of the main cell types that constitute the vascular wall and play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Normally, VSMCs are primarily involved in regulating vascular tone. Under pathological conditions, their phenotypic switching from a contractile to a pathological phenotype occurs, which is accompanied by impaired contractile function. These disorders lead to the development of different CVDs. In this regard, the aim of this review was to assess the influence of the features of differentiation pathways of VSMCs from embryonic progenitor cells and various transcription factors on the development of CVDs. Primary attention is given to the mechanisms of phenotypic switching of VSMCs, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. Particular emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of microRNAs (miRs) on the functional state of VSMCs. The analysis of current data demonstrates that alterations in miR expression result in significant functional rearrangements of VSMCs, which can contribute to the progression of CVDs. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms of VSMC dysfunction presents promising opportunities for developing targeted therapies aimed at restoring normal vascular wall function and preventing the development of CVDs.