Postoperative Infections After Appendectomy for Acute Appendicitis: The Surgeon's Checklist

Acute appendicitis remains one of the most common surgical emergencies, with a lifetime incidence of approximately 7-8% in the USA and Europe. Despite the widespread adoption of the laparoscopic approach and advances made in perioperative care, post-operative infections-particularly intra-abdominal abscesses-continue to pose a substantial clinical challenge, with an overall probability that ranges from 5 to 15%. Nowadays, it is essential not only to improve patient outcomes by reducing these complications but also to promote responsible antibiotic use. This review provides an in-depth examination of post-appendectomy infections in adults, synthesizing research from the past decade. It explores the various risks involved, including those related to the patient, the disease itself, and the surgical techniques employed. There is particular emphasis on the impact of surgical approach, closure methods, timing of surgery, and intraoperative decisions such as drain placement, peritoneal lavage, and routine bacterial cultures. Part of the discussion is about emerging data regarding the use of antiseptic solutions and specimen retrieval techniques. Additionally, the review examines current approaches to managing postoperative intra-abdominal abscesses. It assesses when antibiotics are necessary, evaluates image-guided percutaneous drainage, and considers laparoscopic re-intervention as a possible solution. While recent studies offer valuable insights, the heterogeneity of available evidence highlights the pressing need for high-quality, standardized research. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of infection pathways and preventative strategies is vital-not only for reducing morbidity and hospital readmissions, but also for safeguarding the long-term efficacy of antibiotics and delivering safer, more effective surgical care.