Micro- and Nanoplastics in Dentistry: Challenges in Obtaining High-Quality Evidence

The increasing concern over micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) pollution has extended into the field of dentistry, where polymer-based materials and clinical procedures may contribute to environmental and occupational exposure. This narrative review aims to synthesize current knowledge on MNPs in dentistry and identify gaps that hinder high-quality evidence generation. Methods include a critical appraisal of existing literature across dental disciplines, including orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and prosthodontics, with emphasis on experimental designs, sampling strategies, and analytical methods. Results reveal that while in vitro studies suggest measurable particle release from common dental materials, real-world exposure data remain sparse, especially regarding airborne and ingested microplastics. Furthermore, inconsistencies in study design, lack of standardized detection methods, and underrepresentation of clinical settings limit the generalizability of findings. This review highlights that while micro- and nanoplastic release from dental materials is evident in laboratory studies, real-world exposure data remain limited and inconsistent. To advance the field, harmonized research protocols, interdisciplinary collaboration, and standardized detection methods are urgently required. Practical measures, such as improved clinical practices and sustainable material choices, can already help reduce emissions. By outlining both current knowledge gaps and actionable strategies, this work provides a foundation for informed decision-making in clinical, regulatory, and environmental contexts.