Periprosthetic Joint Infection by Streptococcus bovis Reveals Hidden Colorectal Cancer: A Case Report

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) is rare but clinically significant due to its established association with colorectal neoplasia. Early recognition and interdisciplinary management are essential to ensure favorable outcomes. We report the case of a 68-year-old woman who presented with a chronic fistula and signs of active infection 20 years after uncemented total hip arthroplasty. Cultures from the wound identified S. bovis, prompting further evaluation. Imaging and laboratory tests supported a diagnosis of chronic PJI. A two-stage revision was performed, beginning with implant removal, debridement, and placement of a vancomycin/gentamicin-loaded spacer. Given the pathogen's known link to gastrointestinal malignancy, the patient underwent colonoscopy, which revealed a tubulovillous adenoma with carcinoma in situ. Surgical resection was performed with curative intent. Six months later, the patient underwent successful reimplantation. At three-month follow-up, clinical and radiographic assessments showed favorable recovery. This case reinforces the importance of gastrointestinal screening in patients with S. bovis PJI, as early detection of associated colorectal lesions may impact treatment strategies and prognosis.