Influence of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet on Vascular Health and Healthy Aging in Women: Assessment Using CAVI

Background: Vascular aging, characterized by a progressive increase in arterial stiffness, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been shown to have protective effects on cardiovascular health, but its relationship with vascular aging, as assessed by the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), is not yet well established. Objective: To analyze the association between adherence to the MD and vascular aging estimated with CAVI in a sample of Spanish women with no history of previous cardiovascular disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1468 women (aged 30-80 years), classified into three categories according to CAVI: healthy vascular aging (HVA), normal (NVA), and early (EVA). Adherence to the MD was assessed using the MEDAS questionnaire validated in Spain. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare baseline characteristics, and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the association between MD adherence and vascular aging status, adjusting for age, sex, and drug treatment. Results: The CAVI increased progressively with age (p < 0.001) and was associated with higher blood pressure, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetes mellitus. Adherence to the MD was significantly higher in groups with lower arterial stiffness (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, greater adherence to MD was associated with a higher probability of healthy vascular aging compared to NVA (OR: 1.872; 95% CI: 1.366-2.566; p < 0.001) and EVA (OR: 1.738; 95% CI: 1.363-2.218; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Greater adherence to the MD is associated with a healthier vascular aging profile. Promoting this dietary pattern may be an effective strategy for preventing arterial stiffness and reducing the cardiovascular risk associated with aging.