Peripheral Venipuncture in Pediatric Patients: A Mini-Review of Clinical Practice and Technological Advances

Background: Venous blood collection in pediatric patients is a critical procedure for diagnostic and monitoring purposes, yet it remains considerably more challenging than in adults. Factors such as small vein size, limited cooperation, and heightened sensitivity to pain contribute to technical difficulties and increased error rates. Objectives: This mini-review aims to provide a concise synthesis of current clinical practices and emerging technologies that support safer, more efficient venipuncture in children. Results: Key findings include the anatomical and procedural considerations relevant to pediatric venipuncture, age-specific recommendations for technique and positioning, as well as evidence-based strategies to reduce pain and anxiety. Common preanalytical errors, particularly hemolysis and insufficient sample volumes, are also addressed, along with their implications for clinical outcomes. Recent advances in medical digitalization, including the use of venous ultrasound, near-infrared projection, and transillumination, offer valuable support in overcoming procedural challenges. These technologies are not meant to replace human expertise but to complement it, improving vein visualization and increasing first-attempt success rates when integrated into a child-centered approach. Conclusions: Venous blood collection in pediatric patients requires a delicate balance between technical proficiency and human-centered care. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a child-centered approach, combining technical skill with empathy and clear communication. Enhancing the quality and safety of venous sampling in children requires not only training and standardization, but also a deeper understanding of the psychological dimensions involved in pediatric care.