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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Diabetes Mellitus-A Brief Review and Three Case Reports
Marius-Lucian Mitrache1,2, Aura-Diana Reghina1,2, Iulia-Simona Stoian1,2
1Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|September 27, 2025
Summary
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including ICI-induced diabetes mellitus (ICI-DM). This condition is acute, potentially life-threatening, and requires careful management by oncologists and endocrinologists.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Endocrinology
- Immunology
Background:
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are vital cancer treatments but can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
- Endocrine irAEs, including ICI-induced diabetes mellitus (ICI-DM), are increasingly recognized.
- ICI-DM is often acute, severe, and may necessitate immunotherapy interruption.
Purpose of the Study:
- To report three cases of ICI-DM.
- To review the literature on ICI-DM.
- To share clinical insights for managing ICI-DM.
Main Methods:
- Case series presentation.
- Comprehensive literature review.
Main Results:
- ICI-DM incidence is rising with expanded ICI use.
- Risk factors for ICI-DM are not fully characterized.
- Endocrine dysfunction from ICI-DM is typically irreversible.
Conclusions:
- ICI-DM presents uniquely with acute, severe, and potentially life-threatening symptoms.
- Management requires collaboration between oncologists and endocrinologists.
- Lifelong hormone replacement therapy is often necessary for ICI-DM.
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