Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Digital Health for Hypertension: Evolving Tools for Precision Cardiovascular...

Background: Hypertension remains the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with suboptimal control rates despite guideline-directed therapies. Digital health and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer novel approaches for improving diagnosis, monitoring, and individualized treatment of hypertension. Objectives: To critically review the current landscape of AI-enabled digital tools for hypertension management, including emerging applications, implementation challenges, and future directions. Methods: A narrative review of recent PubMed-indexed studies (2019-2024) was conducted, focusing on clinical applications of AI and digital health technologies in hypertension. Emphasis was placed on real-world deployment, algorithmic explainability, digital biomarkers, and ethical/regulatory frameworks. Priority was given to high-quality randomized trials, systematic reviews, and expert consensus statements. Results: AI-supported platforms-including remote blood pressure monitoring, machine learning titration algorithms, and digital twins-have demonstrated early promise in improving hypertension control. Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for clinician trust and integration into decision-making. Equity-focused design and regulatory oversight are essential to prevent exacerbation of health disparities. Emerging implementation strategies, such as federated learning and co-design frameworks, may enhance scalability and generalizability across diverse care settings. Conclusions: AI-guided titration and digital twin approaches appear most promising for reducing therapeutic inertia, whereas cuffless blood pressure monitoring remains the least mature. Future work should prioritize pragmatic trials with equity and cost-effectiveness endpoints, supported by safeguards against bias, accountability gaps, and privacy risks.