A Comprehensive Review of Azelaic Acid Pharmacological Properties, Clinical Applications, and Innovative Topical...

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Pharmaceutics
• Cosmetic Science

Background:

• Azelaic acid (AzA) is a dicarboxylic acid used for acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation.
• Its therapeutic benefits are limited by poor solubility and skin penetration.
• Novel formulation strategies are needed to optimize AzA delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review clinical evidence and formulation advancements for azelaic acid.
• To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of AzA in various dermatological conditions.
• To explore novel delivery systems for enhanced AzA topical application.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of clinical studies on azelaic acid formulations.
• Analysis of advanced delivery systems including nanocarriers and deep eutectic solvents (DES).
• Comparison of AzA efficacy and safety against standard treatments.

Main Results:

• 15-20% AzA formulations showed significant clinical improvement with mild irritation.
• AzA efficacy was comparable to retinoids for acne and metronidazole for rosacea.
• Advanced systems like liposomes and DES enhanced AzA solubility, stability, and skin deposition.

Conclusions:

• Azelaic acid is a versatile, well-tolerated dermatologic agent.
• Formulation is key to overcoming AzA's delivery limitations.
• Advanced carriers, especially DES-integrated systems, offer improved efficacy and reduced irritation.