Ketamine's Role in Neuroinflammation and Neuroprotection Across Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: A Narrative...

Ketamine, a widely used anesthetic with emerging evidence suggesting neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties across various neurological disorders, is recognized for its NMDA receptor antagonism. It has been postulated to play a role in neuroprotection, due to its anti-inflammatory properties, and decrease microglial activation, as well as cytokines TNF and IL-6. Despite its established role, the extent of ketamine's effects on neuroinflammation and neuroprotection remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we conducted a narrative review synthesizing current knowledge on ketamine's operating mechanisms, including its modulation of synaptic plasticity, excitotoxicity, and cytokine release, alongside its therapeutic applications in traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, and pain management. For this narrative review, we searched the Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Our findings indicate that ketamine reduces excitotoxicity and inflammation, which may contribute to neuroprotection in acute neurological injuries. These insights underscore ketamine's potential as an adjunctive neuroprotective agent, warranting further clinical investigation to optimize its therapeutic utility across neurological and psychiatric contexts.