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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Study of Dendritic Cell Development by Short Hairpin RNA-Mediated Gene Knockdown in a Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Line In vitro
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CXCR5 Signals Fine-Tune Dendritic Cell Transcription and Regulate TH2 Development.

Miranda L Curtiss1, Natalia Ballesteros Benavides2, Alexander F Rosenberg3

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

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|September 27, 2025
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Summary

CXCR5 on dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for T helper 2 (TH2) cell priming during helminth infection. This receptor induces Chitinase 3-like-1 (Chi3l1), enhancing TH2 responses and DC function.

Keywords:
CXCR5Chi3l1TH2 responsesdendritic cellshelminth infection

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Helminthology

Background:

  • Dendritic cell (DC) expression of CXCR5 is essential for T helper 2 (TH2) cell priming in mice infected with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp).
  • The precise mechanisms by which CXCR5 controls DC-mediated TH2 cell development remain to be fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how CXCR5 expression on DCs influences CD4 T helper 2 (TH2) cell development during helminth infection.
  • To identify the downstream molecular pathways regulated by CXCR5 in DCs that impact TH2 priming.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro TH2 priming assays were performed to assess DC function.
  • RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was employed to identify transcriptional changes in DCs.
  • In vivo mouse models of Hp infection were utilized to study TH2 responses in a physiological context.

Main Results:

  • Migratory conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC2) express CXCR5, and its presence enhances TH2 cell priming in vitro.
  • CXCR5 expression in cDC2 cells promotes a pro-proliferative transcriptional program and is required for cDC2 accumulation in mesenteric lymph nodes (msLN) during Hp infection.
  • CXCR5 is necessary for the upregulation of Chitinase 3-like-1 (Chi3l1) in cDC2 cells, a protein that enhances TH2 development and is critical for DC accumulation and TH2 responses in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • CXCR5 on cDC2 cells is indispensable for the induction of Chi3l1, which subsequently boosts the TH2 priming capacity of these DCs.
  • These findings elucidate the roles of CXCR5 and Chi3l1 in regulating immune responses during helminth infections.