Integrated Approaches of Arsenic Remediation from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review of Microbial, Bio-Based, and...

Arsenic-containing wastewater and soil systems are a serious hazard to public health and the environment, particularly in areas where agriculture and drinking water depend on groundwater. Therefore, the removal of arsenic contamination from soil, water, and the environment is of great importance for human welfare. Most of the conventional methods are inefficient and have very high operational costs, especially for metals at low concentrations or in large solution volumes. This review delivers a comprehensive approach to arsenic remediation, including microbiological processes, phytoremediation, biochar technologies, bio-based adsorbents, and nanomaterial-assisted techniques. All of these methods are thoroughly examined in terms of removal competence, their mechanisms, environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Phytoremediation and microbial remediation techniques are self-regenerating and eco-friendly, whereas fruit-waste-derived materials and biochar provide abundant adsorbents, and are therefore low-cost. On the other hand, nanotechnology-based approaches show remarkable effectiveness but raise concerns regarding economic feasibility and environmental safety. Additionally, this review represents a comparative analysis and discusses synergistic and hybrid systems that combine multiple technologies for enhancing the remediation performance. Future research directions are emphasized along with challenges such as material stability, regeneration, and policy integration. This review aims to guide decision-makers, research scholars, and industry stakeholders toward affordable, sustainable, and high-performance arsenic remediation techniques for practical use.