Characterization and Source Analysis of Water-Soluble Ions in PM_2.5 at Hainan: Temporal Variation and Long-Range...

We explored the mass concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 and their variations across different time scales and concentration levels. Using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model and backward trajectory analysis, we focused on identifying the sources of PM_2.5 and its water-soluble ion fractions, with particular emphasis on regional transport. The findings reveal that the average mass concentration of total water-soluble ions in Hainan between 1 August 2021 and 31 July 2022 was 7.0 ± 4.4 µg m^-3, constituting 73.5% ± 24.4% of PM_2.5. Secondary ions (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺) were dominant, accounting for 84.0% ± 12.4% of the total water-soluble ions, followed by sea-salt particles. Seasonal variations were pronounced, with the highest concentrations observed in winter and the lowest in summer. The results of the PMF analysis showed that secondary sources, combustion sources, dust sources, and oceanic sources are the main sources of PM_2.5 at the monitoring site. The potential sources and transport pathways of water-soluble ions exhibit distinct seasonal characteristics, with the land-based outflows from the YRD-PRD-Fujian corridor controlling Hainan's PM_2.5 maxima, while southerly marine air delivers the annual minimum; seasonal alternation between dust/secondary aerosols (winter-spring), combustion (autumn), and oceanic dilution (summer) dictates the island's air-quality rhythm.