Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Product Performance: In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation01:20

Drug Product Performance: In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation

230
In pharmaceutical development, it's crucial to establish a predictive in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for two or more formulations to gain a comprehensive understanding of release properties. IVIVC reduces the need for costly in vivo studies and facilitates the establishment of meaningful dissolution specifications with significant cost savings and decreased regulatory burden. Furthermore, a meaningful IVIVC should predict Cmax and AUC within 20%, aligning with FDA guidance while...
230
Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers01:13

Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers

227
Body:In certain scenarios, in vitro dissolution tests can replace in vivo bioequivalence studies. This is particularly true when a drug product, though available in varying strengths, maintains proportional similarity in its active and inactive ingredients. In such cases, the need for in vivo bioequivalence studies for lower strength variants may be waived, provided dissolution tests and in vivo studies on the highest strength yield satisfactory results.Bioequivalence can be indicated through...
227
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

150
The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
150
Equivalence: In Vitro and In Vivo Bioequivalence01:17

Equivalence: In Vitro and In Vivo Bioequivalence

212
Body:Bioequivalence studies are crucial in evaluating whether new drugs can match an approved one regarding pharmacological effects and clinical performance. These studies test if drugs, despite different dosage forms, share identical plasma concentration-time profiles. Three types of equivalence are central to these studies: chemical, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic. Chemical equivalence indicates that two or more drug products contain identical active ingredients in equal amounts.
212
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

749
Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
749
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro01:16

Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro

574
In vitro experiments are crucial for understanding the transport and absorption of drugs through biological materials. These studies employ varied methods such as the diffusion cell method, the everted sac technique, and the everted ring technique.
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
574

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Usability of Levodopa Cyclops<sup>®</sup> Compared to INBRIJA<sup>®</sup> During an off Episode in Parkinson's Disease Patients.

Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery·2026
Same author

Freeze-Drying in Sucrose Followed by Cryomilling Enables the Formulation of sa-mRNA-LNP Powders for Inhalation.

Pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Leucine Protects Dry Powders for Inhalation Against Irreversible Moisture-Induced Aggregation.

Pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Extemporaneous Compounding, Pharmacy Preparations and Related Product Care in the Netherlands.

Pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Inhaled Dry Powder Tobramycin in Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

Pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Stabilized Extracellular Vesicle Formulations for Inhalable Dry Powder Development.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
05:51

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

4.4K

An In Vitro-In Vivo Comparison of Two Levodopa Dry Powder Products for Inhalation: A Randomized Trial Comparing

Julia M E Berends1, Ettina J Wimmenhove1, Marcel Hoppentocht2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.

Pharmaceutics
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary levodopa (inhaled levodopa) offers rapid relief for Parkinson's disease OFF episodes. Despite formulation differences, Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops showed similar lung absorption, indicating permeation rate, not dissolution, limits effectiveness.

Keywords:
IVIVCParkinson’s diseasedissolutiondry powder for inhalationlevodopalung depositionoral inhalationpharmacokinetics

More Related Videos

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
07:28

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Published on: April 6, 2017

41.4K
Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
06:45

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
05:51

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 14, 2021

4.4K
Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
07:28

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Published on: April 6, 2017

41.4K
Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
06:45

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Pulmonary levodopa administration provides rapid absorption for Parkinson's disease OFF episodes.
  • Inbrija is an approved inhaled levodopa product; Levodopa Cyclops is under development.
  • These products differ in inhaler design, usage, and powder formulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare in vitro aerosol characteristics and dissolution kinetics of Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops.
  • To evaluate in vivo performance and bioavailability of the two inhaled levodopa products.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro aerosolization assessed using Next Generation Impactor.
  • Dissolution kinetics evaluated with a modified paddle apparatus.
  • A randomized crossover bioavailability study in healthy volunteers compared Inbrija 84 mg with Levodopa Cyclops (45, 90, 135 mg).

Main Results:

  • Similar in vitro aerosol characteristics were observed for both products.
  • Levodopa Cyclops demonstrated significantly faster in vitro dissolution than Inbrija.
  • Pharmacokinetic profiles (Cmax, Tmax, AUC) were bioequivalent between Inbrija 84 mg and Levodopa Cyclops 90 mg.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic absorption of inhaled levodopa is likely limited by permeation rate, not dissolution rate.
  • In vitro dissolution differences may not accurately predict in vivo performance for inhaled levodopa.
  • Critical evaluation of in vitro test results is necessary for predicting inhaled product performance.