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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Improved Dual-Modality Bioequivalence Evaluation of Topical Formulations Within Human Skin Using Stimulated Raman

Dandan Tu¹, Nick-Sidney Lemberger², Kristin Wallmeier²

¹Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.

|September 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel dual-modality detector to improve optical imaging for topical drug bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. The method reduces data variance, enhancing the accuracy of topical drug assessments.

Keywords:

bioequivalence cutaneous pharmacokinetics light intensity normalization multi-modality stimulated Raman microscope topical product

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Area of Science:

Optical imaging
Pharmacokinetics
Biomedical engineering

Background:

Optical microscopic techniques are increasingly used for topical drug bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) studies.
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy offers label-free, chemical-specific imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution.
Ensuring low data variance is crucial for sensitive and specific BE evaluations of topical drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate factors causing signal variance in SRS imaging of topical drugs.
To develop a method to reduce data variance in SRS measurements for improved BE assessments.
To enhance the practical application of SRS in cutaneous pharmacokinetics (cPKs) studies.

Main Methods:

Developed an in-house dual-modality detector to simultaneously measure SRS signals and total light transmission.
Synchronized measurements in time and co-registered them in space for accurate data acquisition.
Formulated equations to normalize SRS signals using transmission intensity.

Main Results:

Successfully reduced signal variance in SRS measurements by up to 9.46% CV.
Demonstrated improved BE assessment for tretinoin topical products, reducing the confidence interval (CI) value by 0.11.
Validated the effectiveness of the normalization method in compensating for variations due to topical products and skin properties.

Conclusions:

Provided a better understanding of factors influencing SRS imaging variance.
Developed an effective method to compensate for these factors, significantly improving BE assessments.
Paved the way for more reliable implementation of SRS in topical drug cPKs studies.