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Co-Detection of ADV, Influenza B, and HPIV: Independent Risk Factors for SMPP with Changes in NPIs

Linlin Huang1, Ting Shi2

  • 1Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.

Viruses
|September 27, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) epidemiology shifted post-NPIs, with higher co-detection rates. Adenovirus (ADV), influenza B virus (InfB), and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) are key risk factors for severe MP pneumonia in children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Respiratory Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Investigated Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) epidemiology in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs).
  • Explored risk factors associated with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP) in pediatric populations.
  • Examined shifts in MP epidemiology following the implementation and lifting of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the epidemiological trends of MP in children experiencing ARTIs.
  • To identify independent risk factors contributing to the development of severe MP pneumonia (SMPP).
  • To assess the impact of NPIs on MP co-detection rates and epidemic patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 36,380 children with ARTIs from September 2021 to November 2024.
  • Utilized multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detecting nine common respiratory pathogens.
  • Employed multivariate regression analysis to determine risk and protective factors for MP epidemics and SMPP.

Main Results:

  • MP co-detection rates were significantly higher in the post-NPI period (36.5%) compared to the NPI period (25.7%).
  • Influenza A virus, InfB, HPIV, HBoV, HRV, ADV, HRSV, and HMPV were protective against MP epidemics.
  • Independent risk factors for SMPP included InfB, HPIV, and ADV, with increased odds ratios observed.

Conclusions:

  • Post-NPIs have led to significant shifts in MP epidemiology among children with ARTIs.
  • Adenovirus (ADV), influenza B virus (InfB), and human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) serve as crucial early warning markers for severe MP pneumonia (SMPP).
  • Understanding these epidemiological changes and risk factors is vital for managing pediatric respiratory infections.
Keywords:
childrenrisksevere mycoplasma pneumoniaeviral co-detection

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