Discovery of Landscape Phage Probes Against Cellular Communication Network Factor 1 (CCN1/Cyr61)

Detection of cancer biomarkers at the earliest stages of disease progression is commonly assumed to extend the overall quality of life for cancer patients as the result of earlier clinical management of the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of standardized, sensitive, robust, and commonly available screening and diagnostic tools for detecting the earliest signals of neoplastic pathology progression. Recently, a new paradigm of cancer control, known as multi-cancer detection (MCD), evolved, which measures the composition of cancer-related molecular analytes in the patient's fluids using minimally invasive techniques. In this respect, the "Holy Grail" of cancer researchers and bioengineers for decades has been composing a repertoire or molecular sensing probes that would allow for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer diseases via their interaction with cell-secreted and cell-associated cancer antigens and biomarkers. Therefore, the current trend in screening and detection of cancer-related pathologies is the development of portable biosensors for mobile laboratories and individual use. Phage display, since its conception by George Smith 40 years ago, has emerged as a premier tool for molecular evolution in molecular biology with widespread applications including identification and screening of cancer biomarkers, such as Circulating Cellular Communication Network Factor 1 (CCN1), an extracellular matrix-associated signaling protein responsible for a variety of cellular functions and has been shown to be overexpressed as part of the response to various pathologies including cancer. We hypothesize that CCN1 protein can be used as a soluble marker for the early detection of breast cancer in a multi-cancer detection (MCD) platform. However, validated probes have not been identified to date. Here, we screened the multi-billion clone landscape phage display library for phages interacting specifically with immobilized CCN1 protein. Through our study, we discovered a panel of 26 different phage-fused peptides interacting selectively with CCN1 protein that can serve for development of a novel phage-based diagnostic platform to monitor changes in CCN1 serum concentration by liquid biopsy.