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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Published on: December 9, 2011

Needle-free, Liquid Metal-embedded Electrospray Deposition System for Controlled Microdroplet Printing.

Chaeyeong Kang¹, Seokbeom Roh^2,3, Hyunjun Park⁴

¹Department of MetaBioHealth, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|September 27, 2025

Summary

A novel liquid metal-embedded electrospray deposition (LM-ESD) system simplifies fabrication and enhances efficiency for precise liquid manipulation. This technology eliminates external ionization hardware, improving reproducibility for various applications.

Keywords:

droplet array printing electrospray deposition liquid metal integration microdroplet generation pdms‐based microfluidics

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Area of Science:

Microfluidics
Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Conventional electrospray systems are vital in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and materials science but suffer from complex designs, external ionization needs, clogging, and poor reproducibility.
Existing technologies often require additional hardware, increasing system complexity and limiting efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a simplified and more efficient electrospray deposition system.
To eliminate the need for external ionization components in electrospray setups.
To enhance the precision and reproducibility of droplet array formation.

Main Methods:

Development of a liquid metal-embedded electrospray deposition (LM-ESD) system integrated into a microfluidic chip.
Leveraging the intrinsic electric field of the microfluidic chip for ionization.
Validation of spray performance using advanced microscopy (fluorescence, SEM, AFM, KPFM) and Raman spectroscopy.

Main Results:

The LM-ESD system successfully eliminates the requirement for external ionization hardware.
Fabrication processes are simplified, and design complexity is reduced.
Uniform droplet arrays with high reproducibility were confirmed through multiple validation techniques.

Conclusions:

The developed LM-ESD system offers a simplified, efficient, and reproducible alternative to conventional electrospray technologies.
This versatile system demonstrates significant potential for precision printing, thin-film deposition, and high-throughput analysis.
The intrinsic electric field utilization paves the way for more integrated and robust microfluidic electrospray applications.