Innovative Advances of Disulfides, Diselenides, and Ditellurides-Based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors: A...

The ongoing global energy crisis significantly disrupts economic stability, largely due to unstable energy prices that have increased both transportation and manufacturing expenses. To mitigate these challenges, there is an urgent need to transition from fossil fuels to cleaner and sustainable energy alternatives, emphasizing the importance of advanced energy storage devices (ESDs). Supercapacitors (SCs) have gained considerable attention as next-generation ESDs, owing to their high-power density, rapid charge-discharge capability, and excellent long-term stability. Recently, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as highly promising electrode materials due to their admirable electrochemical behavior for SCs. This review, for the first time, offers an in-depth comparative analysis of disulfide-, diselenide-, and ditelluride-based TMDs as electrode materials for SCs based on experimental and theoretical findings. Herein, physicochemical characteristics, synthetic approaches, and electrochemical performance are explored, drawing insights from both experimental results and density functional theory predictions. The review also addresses the current limitations affecting their practical deployment and examines recent advancements aimed at improving their efficiency. Finally, the work proposes future research directions and innovations necessary for optimizing TMD-based electrode materials for SCs. By providing a detailed and integrative perspective, this review aims to accelerate progress toward high-performance, next-generation SCs.