Risk factors of multiple sclerosis: insights from the United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been classified as a medium-to-high-risk area for multiple sclerosis (MS), with prevalence rates showing a steady increase. This rising prevalence is most likely due to an interplay between genetic and environmental factors that have contributed to its development and progression. This review highlights potential genetic predispositions that include HLA and non-HLA gene variations. Moreover, several environmental factors could be pertinent to this population and may modify gene expression and immune responses. These include the high rates of vitamin D deficiency, smoking, unhealthy dietary patterns, and physical inactivity. Although very little is known about MS in the region, this review provides a framework to further our understanding of MS etiology in the UAE, offering actionable insights for researchers and healthcare professionals to address the growing burden of disease.