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Patient trust in artificial intelligence for orthodontic advice: A systematic review
Background:
Artificial intelligence (AI) large language models are being used increasingly for health care-related queries. This systematic review assessed the reliability of AI chatbot responses to patient questions related to orthodontics.
Types Of Studies Reviewed:
PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and Embase were systematically searched for studies published from January 1, 2022, through February 28, 2025. Only cross-sectional studies were included. Data were screened and extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed.
Results:
Of 105 identified studies, 13 met the inclusion criteria. ChatGPT (OpenAI) showed 68.7% and 92.6% accuracy rates, scoring well on Likert scales and DISCERN evaluations. However, some studies reported lower scores (2.2/4.0, 3.8/10.0) and mixed results for Bard (Google) and Gemini (Google), highlighting inconsistencies in chatbot performance.
Practical Implications:
Whereas large language models, particularly ChatGPT, cannot replace professional consultations, they offer generally reliable orthodontic information and can be valuable tools for addressing routine patient questions. Based on evolving commentary, AI is likely to serve as a frontline support system in the future, helping manage common inquiries, reduce clinician workload, and improve cost-effectiveness while ensuring that final care decisions remain with qualified professionals. This review was registered in Open Science Factory (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X8HJT).
