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Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

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A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic...
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Author Spotlight: Optimizing Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
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Partitioning of bromoform in dairy processing.

X Sang1, S Linnenkugel1, A J Fletcher1

  • 1Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand.

Journal of Dairy Science
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bromoform, a methane inhibitor for dairy cows, concentrates in fatty milk products during processing. Evaporation significantly reduces bromoform levels, aiding safer dairy production.

Keywords:
AsparagopsisGHG emissionsbromoformdairy manufacturingpartitioning

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Area of Science:

  • Dairy Science
  • Food Chemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Bromoform is a halogenated compound with potential for reducing methane emissions in dairy cows.
  • Understanding bromoform's behavior in dairy processing is crucial for food safety and sustainable practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the partitioning behavior of bromoform in raw milk during dairy processing.
  • To quantify bromoform concentrations in various product and waste streams.
  • To assess bromoform distribution using partition coefficients.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot-scale dairy processing study.
  • Deliberate dosing of raw milk with bromoform.
  • Validated analytical methods for bromoform quantification.
  • Calculation of partition coefficients.

Main Results:

  • Bromoform preferentially accumulated in fat-rich dairy matrices.
  • Bromoform concentration correlated with fat content in most product streams.
  • Significant bromoform reduction observed during evaporation (powder production) due to liquid/gas mass transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Bromoform's distribution in dairy processing is influenced by fat content and mass transfer processes.
  • This research provides insights for managing bromoform in dairy production.
  • Findings support the development of safer and more sustainable dairy practices.