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The relationship between academic achievement and off-task social media and smartphone usage: Evidence from a

Kirsi Pyhältö1, Hanna Rekola2, Salli Salovuori3

  • 1Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Higher and Adult Education, Faculty of Education, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Acta Psychologica
|September 28, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
Academic achievementLearning outcomesOff-task useSmartphonesSocial mediaSystematic literature review

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