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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Intracortical microstimulation induces rapid microglia process convergence.

Nathaniel P Williams1, Anna M Kelly2, X Sally Zheng2

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, United States.

Biomaterials
|September 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) rapidly activates microglia and compromises blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. These findings highlight the need for further research into ICMS biological responses and safety standards.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) shows promise for sensory restoration.
  • Neuronal responses to ICMS are well-studied, but non-neuronal cell responses and blood-brain barrier (BBB) effects are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microglial responses and BBB integrity during ICMS.
  • To characterize the biological effects of clinically relevant ICMS parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Used dual-reporter mice for simultaneous imaging of microglia and neurons.
  • Applied ICMS with clinically relevant waveforms and varying current amplitudes.
  • Monitored microglial process morphology and vascular dye leakage to assess BBB integrity.

Main Results:

  • Microglia rapidly converged their processes (MPC) on active neural areas within 15 minutes of ICMS.
  • The prevalence of MPC increased with higher current amplitudes.
  • Increased vascular dye penetration indicated compromised BBB integrity, also dose-dependent on current amplitude.

Conclusions:

  • ICMS elicits rapid, previously unreported responses in microglia and affects BBB integrity.
  • Findings suggest a need for further research to understand ICMS biological impacts.
  • This research emphasizes the importance of establishing robust safety standards for ICMS applications.