Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium

Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium share many similarities, but as much differentiates these two organisms as unites them. These common sexually transmitted bacteria are strongly associated with several acute syndromes in the genito-urinary tract. Although the long-term severe sequelae of Chlamydia trachomatis are well accepted, the data underpinning the complications of Mycoplasma genitalium are less specific and largely observational. Efforts to control Chlamydia trachomatis with comprehensive, large-scale testing programs have yielded limited results, and the control paradigm will shift in the coming years. As diagnostic capabilities for detecting Mycoplasma genitalium have improved, this organism is more widely diagnosed, and the emergence of complex antimicrobial resistance has complicated therapy options. This contribution describes the two organisms' epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management, and explores new approaches to their control and prevention.