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A Review on Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: Methods, Characterization, and

Satendra Kumar^1,2, Sweta Kumari Tripathy¹, Niranjan Kaushik¹

¹School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India.

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

|September 29, 2025

Summary

Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. While effective in agriculture and medicine, challenges remain in standardizing protocols for scalability and environmental safety.

Keywords:

Green synthesis antimicrobial activity copper nanoparticles cost-saving eco-friendly nanotechnology.plant extract

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Area of Science:

Nanotechnology
Green Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Reviews the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) utilizing plant extracts.
Highlights CuNPs as eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible alternatives.
Emphasizes sustainable nanotechnology applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using plant extracts.
To compare green synthesis with traditional methods.
To explore applications of CuNPs in agriculture, medicine, and wastewater treatment.

Main Methods:

Prioritized studies on green synthesis using plant extracts and comparative analyses.
Compiled characterization data (UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, EDX).
Included particle size and quantitative metrics (MICs, inhibition zones).

Main Results:

Green-synthesized CuNPs (1.8-37 nm) show spherical morphology and identified surface functionalities.
Green synthesis reduces toxicity and energy consumption compared to laser ablation and chemical reduction.
CuNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, and reduced Fusarium infection severity by 88%.

Conclusions:

Green CuNPs are effective germicides and catalysts.
Scalability and environmental safety are limited by variable particle sizes and concentration-dependent toxicity.
Standardized protocols are crucial for reproducibility, scalability, and minimizing environmental risks.