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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
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Clinically Relevant Patterns of Co-Fluctuating Structure and Function in Multiple Sclerosis.

Jian Zhang1, Marco Battaglini1,2, Rosa Cortese1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

European Journal of Neurology
|September 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how structural and functional brain changes co-fluctuate in multiple sclerosis (MS). This multimodal MRI approach better explains clinical disability than traditional measures.

Keywords:
co‐fluctuating patternsfunctional hyperconnectivitymultimodal MRImultiple sclerosisstructural disconnection

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Radiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves complex structural and functional brain changes.
  • The interplay between these changes and clinical outcomes in MS is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify co-fluctuating patterns of structural and functional brain changes in MS using a multimodal MRI fusion approach.
  • To assess the added value of these patterns in explaining clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Linked independent component analysis (ICA) was used on white matter (WM) lesions, fractional anisotropy (FA), gray matter (GM) volume, and functional connectivity.
  • Graph theory (GT) identified interconnected brain regions.
  • Linear mixed-effect models and multivariate stepwise regressions analyzed associations with disability.

Main Results:

  • MS patients showed distinct co-fluctuating patterns compared to healthy controls (HC), including decreased FA, increased WM lesions, GM atrophy, and enhanced temporal parietal network connectivity.
  • Graph theory identified eight brain sub-networks.
  • These multimodal patterns explained physical and cognitive disability more effectively than traditional MRI metrics.

Conclusions:

  • A multimodal MRI approach reveals co-fluctuating regional patterns of lesions, structural disconnection, and functional hyperconnectivity in MS.
  • This comprehensive approach offers better explanation of clinical outcomes compared to traditional MRI metrics.