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Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

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Development and validation of the mobility in middle-age questionnaire.

Roee Hayek¹, Carrie A Karvonen-Gutierrez², Jonathan F Bean^3,4,5

¹Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, The Neuromuscular & Human Performance Laboratory, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

|September 29, 2025

Summary

The Mobility in Middle-Age Questionnaire (MMQ) reliably identifies early mobility decline in middle-aged adults. This validated tool aids in early detection for timely prevention strategies.

Keywords:

Aging Delphi Early-detection Mid-life Self-reported

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Area of Science:

Gerontology
Public Health
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Mobility decline often starts in midlife, necessitating early identification for preventative interventions.
Currently, no validated self-report tool specifically assesses mobility in middle-aged populations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate the Mobility in Middle-Age Questionnaire (MMQ) for assessing mobility in middle-aged adults.
To establish the psychometric properties of the MMQ, including reliability and validity.

Main Methods:

The MMQ was developed using a 7-step Delphi process with 10 experts, including content validation in English and Hebrew.
Psychometric properties were evaluated in 610 US and 594 Israeli adults, assessing internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity against the PF-10 scale.
A 'Potential Mobility Risk Zone' was defined as the lowest 20% of MMQ scores.

Main Results:

The MMQ demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .94 English; .92 Hebrew) and strong test-retest reliability (ICC = .89-.90).
Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit, explaining 66% of the variance.
The MMQ exhibited significantly lower ceiling effects compared to the PF-10 scale, with a preliminary 'Potential Mobility Risk' threshold set at a score of 50.

Conclusions:

The MMQ is a reliable and valid instrument for detecting early signs of mobility decline in midlife adults.
Further longitudinal research is recommended to confirm the MMQ's predictive capabilities and responsiveness to change over time.