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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Sex chromosomes/hormones and the tumor microenvironment of non-reproductive cancers

Chun-Miao Zhang1, Zhong-Bo Ge2, Hai-Hong Zhou3,4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|September 29, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
X-chromosome inactivation escapeantitumor immunityloss of Y chromosomenon-reproductive cancersex hormonesexual dimorphismtumor microenvironment

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