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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research
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A Pupillary Light Reflex Inspired Self-Adaptive Spiking Visual Neuron.

Lesheng Qiao1, Haotian Long1, Kailu Shi1

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a bio-inspired artificial visual neuron that mimics the human eye's adaptive response. This self-adaptive spiking visual neuron significantly improves machine vision's biological fidelity and performance in varying light conditions.

Keywords:
IGCdO transistorartificial visual neuronthreshold switching memristorvisual adaptation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuromorphic engineering
  • Biomimetic systems
  • Artificial intelligence hardware

Background:

  • Current neuromorphic visual systems face limitations in energy efficiency and adaptability.
  • Artificial visual neurons often lack biological fidelity due to passive adaptation mechanisms.
  • There is a need for advanced artificial visual systems that emulate human visual perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel self-adaptive spiking visual neuron inspired by the pupillary light reflex.
  • To enhance the perception range and active visual adaptation capabilities of artificial visual neurons.
  • To improve the biological fidelity of neuromorphic vision systems.

Main Methods:

  • The proposed device integrates a photochromic film for optical regulation, an IGCdO-based transistor for photoelectric conversion, and a TaOx-based memristor for spiking encoding.
  • The system functionally emulates the hierarchical visual adaptation process observed in human eyes.
  • The device's performance was evaluated under extreme light intensity conditions.

Main Results:

  • The self-adaptive visual neuron demonstrated a superior perception range of 160 dB.
  • Active visual adaptation was achieved across a wide light intensity range (0.2 µW cm⁻² to 1.64 W cm⁻²).
  • Integration with a spiking neural network resulted in an 86% recognition accuracy, a 66% improvement over non-adaptive systems.

Conclusions:

  • The bio-inspired design offers enhanced biological fidelity for machine vision systems.
  • The pupillary-light-reflex-inspired neuron overcomes limitations of previous artificial visual neurons.
  • This technology paves the way for more adaptive and efficient neuromorphic visual systems.