Beyond Purification: Evolving Roles of Fusion Tags in Biotechnology

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology
• Synthetic Biology

Background:

• Genetic fusion of tags to proteins of interest (POI) is a cornerstone of recombinant expression.
• Tag-fusion proteins offer benefits like enhanced solubility, extended half-life, and simplified purification.
• Classical uses include identifying binding partners via pull-down or immunoprecipitation assays.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review protein-based and peptide-based tags.
• To summarize methods for tag removal.
• To assist researchers in designing effective tag formats for specific applications.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of protein tag technologies.
• Categorization of tags based on structure (protein vs. peptide).
• Discussion of tag applications and removal strategies.

Main Results:

• Tags have evolved beyond basic expression enhancement to enable advanced functions.
• Emerging applications include real-time imaging, spatial localization, targeted delivery, and activity regulation.
• Engineered tags offer conditional control (e.g., pH or ligand-dependent), expanding synthetic biology and therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

• Protein tags are versatile tools with expanding applications in biological research and therapeutic design.
• Understanding different tag types and removal methods is crucial for successful experimental design.
• This review provides a foundational overview to guide researchers in selecting appropriate tag strategies.