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Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review
Hrishabh Bhosale1, Ritu Shah2, Rhea Morani3
1The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, USA.
Abdominal Radiology (New York)
|September 29, 2025
Summary
Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (GB-NENs) are rare, aggressive biliary tumors. Early detection and surgical resection are crucial for improving survival in these challenging, poorly understood malignancies.
Area of Science:
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Oncology
- Pathology
Background:
- Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (GB-NENs) are uncommon and aggressive biliary tract malignancies.
- Their exact origins are unclear, with theories involving chronic inflammation-induced metaplasia or adenocarcinoma differentiation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an updated review of gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms.
- To synthesize current knowledge on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of epidemiological, clinicopathological, and treatment data.
- Analysis of diagnostic challenges and current therapeutic strategies.
Main Results:
- GB-NENs often present with vague symptoms, leading to late-stage diagnosis or incidental findings.
- Histopathology with immunohistochemistry is essential for diagnosis.
- Surgical resection offers the best survival outcomes for localized disease.
Conclusions:
- GB-NENs represent a distinct and challenging entity within biliary tract cancers.
- Standardized treatment protocols are lacking, often adapting strategies from gallbladder adenocarcinoma and other neuroendocrine neoplasms.
- Further research is needed to improve understanding and management of GB-NENs.
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