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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...

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Closed System Cell Culture Protocol Using HYPERStack Vessels with Gas Permeable Material Technology

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Published on: November 29, 2010

Overlayer Stacking Promotes Hydrogen Spillover.

Jinqiu Guo¹, Hongbo Zhang¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.

|September 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen spillover (HSO) is crucial for catalysis. This study clarifies HSO

Keywords:

alkyne semihydrogenation hydrogen spillover nickel overlayer stacking palladium

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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Hydrogen spillover (HSO) is vital for understanding synergistic effects in catalysis.
The driving force behind hydrogen migration in HSO remains unclear, posing a challenge to its study.
Spatial separation of active sites is key to isolating and investigating HSO phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To spatially separate palladium (Pd) and nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) using atomic layer deposition (ALD).
To clearly identify and elucidate the mechanism of HSO under mild reaction conditions.
To determine the driving force for hydrogen migration during catalytic reactions.

Main Methods:

Utilized atomic layer deposition (ALD) to create spatially separated Pd/Ni NPs on a support.
Employed alkyne semihydrogenation as a model reaction to study HSO.
Investigated the effect of ALD-stacked metal oxide overlayers (Ti-, Zr-, Zn-, Al-oxide) on HSO.

Main Results:

Successfully achieved spatial separation of Pd NPs from Ni NPs, enabling clear HSO observation at 343 K.
ALD stacking of oxide overlayers significantly enhanced HSO, explained by a "chimney effect".
Identified the concentration difference between Pd and Ni NPs as the driving force for hydrogen migration.

Conclusions:

ALD is an effective method for spatially separating catalytic active sites to study HSO.
The "chimney effect" in ALD-stacked oxides enhances HSO efficiency.
Hydrogen migration in HSO is driven by concentration gradients between distinct nanoparticle types.