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Exploring geographical differences in semen quality of young men using spatial dependence analysis.

Rita Rahban1,2, Hugo-Alejandro Santa-Ramírez3, Alfred Senn1,2

  • 1Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
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Summary

Semen quality is not random in Switzerland; spatial analysis reveals distinct hotspots and coldspots. Environmental factors like land use may influence these geographical patterns in male reproductive health.

Keywords:
/ environmentGetis-Ord Gi*geographical differencessemen qualityspatial analysisspatial autocorrelationsperm concentrationtotal sperm count (TSC)

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Environmental Epidemiology
  • Spatial Analysis

Background:

  • Previous studies on semen quality variations across Europe suggest environmental influences but lacked national-level geographic precision.
  • Existing research often focused on urban areas with small sample sizes, leaving gaps in understanding national spatial patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether semen quality parameters exhibit spatial patterns across Switzerland.
  • To identify potential geographical clusters (hotspots and coldspots) of semen quality.
  • To explore the relationship between spatial variations in semen quality and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 2677 Swiss men (aged 18-22) recruited during military conscription (2005-2018).
  • Semen samples and lifestyle questionnaires were collected; georeferenced residence data were analyzed using the local Getis-Ord Gi* statistic (25 km spatial lag).
  • Land use data (1992-1997, 2004-2009) within a 500m radius of residences were compared between identified clusters.

Main Results:

  • Semen quality parameters showed significant spatial clustering, not random distribution, across Switzerland.
  • A persistent coldspot (low values) was identified in central western Switzerland, with higher proportions of fodder/field crops and lower built areas.
  • Hotspots (high values) showed a significantly higher proportion of built areas compared to coldspots.

Conclusions:

  • Semen quality parameters in Switzerland exhibit distinct spatial clustering, suggesting environmental influences.
  • The study pioneered national-scale spatial dependence methods for semen quality analysis.
  • Findings may inform public health policy for targeted environmental monitoring and reproductive health strategies.