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Biological Effects of Radiation

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...

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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

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Pre-irradiation dose requirements for reference-class ionization chambers: Quantifying measurement stability.

Takumi Yamada¹, Kazuki Mayumi¹, Satoshi Tanabe²

¹Section of Radiology, Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics

|September 30, 2025

Summary

Pre-irradiation of ionization chambers is not always necessary. Middle-volume chambers require up to 21.25 Gy for stable readings, unlike large-volume chambers which stabilize immediately for accurate dosimetry.

Keywords:

chamber type dependence ionization chamber stability output reproducibility pre‐irradiation reference dosimetry

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Last Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Published on: May 9, 2014

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition

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Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities

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Published on: February 20, 2021

Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Radiation Oncology
Dosimetry

Background:

Pre-irradiation of ionization chambers is standard practice to ensure stable output readings in radiation therapy.
However, specific pre-irradiation requirements for different chamber models under controlled conditions are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantitatively assess the pre-irradiation dose needed for stabilizing output in various reference-class ionization chambers.
To minimize uncertainties from environmental and system factors during evaluation.

Main Methods:

Twelve reference ionization chambers were tested under strict environmental controls (25°C room/water, 50% RH).
Output stability was measured using a 10 MV photon beam, normalized to a monitor chamber.
Stability criteria: <0.1% variation without trending. Optimal pre-irradiation doses were determined per chamber.

Main Results:

Large-volume chambers (Exradin A12, IBA FC65G, PTW 30013) showed <0.05% variation from the first irradiation, suggesting no pre-irradiation needed.
Middle-volume chambers (Exradin A1SL, IBA CC13, PTW 31021) varied up to 0.25% and required ~21.25 Gy (100 MU x 25) for stability.

Conclusions:

The necessary pre-irradiation dose for ionization chambers is chamber-dependent.
Observed output variations were significantly lower than the previously reported 1%, indicating potential for streamlined clinical reference dosimetry.