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Green Extraction Enhances Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Pomegranate By-Products Against Human Cancer Cell
Merve Aydin1, Sumeyye Akbulut2, Tuba Keskin3
1Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Koycegiz Campus, Konya, Türkiye. merveeydn@hotmail.com.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to determine the anticancer effects of extract obtained from pomegranate by-products by green extraction (ultrafiltration and enzymatic extraction) (GE) on prostate (LNCaP), ovarian (A2780), breast (MCF-7), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cell lines compared to the traditional extraction (TE) and pomegranate juice (PJ). The GE sample demonstrated the highest total or individual phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The major phenolics in all samples were determined to be ellagic acid, punicalagin A and punicalagin B. The 50% and 100% doses of the PJ exhibited a significant reduction in the viability of all cancer cells except LNCaP cells (only 100%) (p < 0.05). The TE sample showed a significant decrease in the viability of all cancer cells except the MCF-7 cell line (at all doses) at doses other than 1 µM (p < 0.05). The GE sample caused a significant decrease in all cancer cells at all doses (1, 5, 25, 50, 100 and 150 µM) (p < 0.05). Consequently, the GE sample applied with the green method was effective at all doses in reducing the viability of cancer cells.
Insights
Green extraction of pomegranate by-products yielded potent anticancer compounds. This extract effectively reduced the viability of prostate, ovarian, breast, and colon cancer cells, showcasing its therapeutic potential.
Area of Science:
- Phytochemistry
- Pharmacology
- Oncology
Background:
- Pomegranate by-products are rich in bioactive compounds.
- Traditional extraction methods may not fully utilize these compounds.
- Green extraction offers a sustainable approach to isolate valuable phytochemicals.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the anticancer effects of pomegranate by-product extracts obtained via green extraction (GE).
- To compare the efficacy of GE extracts against traditional extraction (TE) and pomegranate juice (PJ).
- To assess the impact on prostate, ovarian, breast, and colon cancer cell lines.
Main Methods:
- Green extraction (ultrafiltration and enzymatic extraction) of pomegranate by-products.
- Phenolic content and antioxidant activity analysis.
- In vitro cytotoxicity assays on LNCaP, A2780, MCF-7, and Caco-2 cancer cell lines.
Main Results:
- GE samples exhibited superior phenolic content and antioxidant activity.
- Major phenolics identified: ellagic acid, punicalagin A, and punicalagin B.
- GE extract significantly reduced viability in all tested cancer cell lines across all doses (1-150 µM).
- PJ and TE showed varying degrees of efficacy, with GE demonstrating the most consistent and potent anticancer activity.
Conclusions:
- Green extraction is an effective method for obtaining potent anticancer compounds from pomegranate by-products.
- The GE extract demonstrates significant cytotoxic effects on a range of cancer cell lines.
- This study highlights the potential of utilizing pomegranate waste for novel cancer therapeutics.
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