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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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Using visual imagery to manipulate recognition memory for faces whose appearance has changed.

Michelle M Ramey1, Darya L Zabelina2

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA. mmramey@uark.edu.

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
|September 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Counterfactual visual imagery can improve recognition confidence for faces with changed expressions. However, this imagery manipulation did not enhance the accuracy of identifying the correct face in lineups.

Keywords:
Episodic memoryEyewitness memoryFace recognitionRecognitionVisual imagery

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Memory
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Real-world recognition demands memory flexibility to handle perceptual changes post-encoding.
  • Standard encoding strategies often fail or hinder recognition across appearance alterations.
  • Visual imagery effectively creates and modifies memory representations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if counterfactual visual imagery can enhance flexible recognition by simulating increased encoding-retrieval similarity.
  • To explore the impact of imagined emotional expressions on face recognition across changes.
  • To determine if imagery congruence affects recognition accuracy and confidence.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involving 317 participants were conducted.
  • Participants encoded neutral faces and imagined them with happy or angry expressions.
  • Later, participants identified old from new faces in lineups with varying expressions, reporting confidence.

Main Results:

  • Recognition discriminability and confidence were higher when the face's retrieval expression matched the imagined expression (congruent imagery).
  • Bayesian evidence indicated no improvement in face-choice accuracy due to imagery congruence.
  • Congruent imagery boosted recognition for old arrays regardless of correct face selection.

Conclusions:

  • Visual imagery can directionally influence recognition for faces with altered appearances.
  • A dissociation exists between old/new recognition (feeling of familiarity) and forced-choice accuracy.
  • Counterfactual imagery enhances a general sense of recognition rather than specific stimulus attribution.