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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Published on: April 23, 2019

A Real-Time Neural Decoder for Decoding Perceived Odor Identity Within a Single Sniff.

Panke Wang, Liyang Wang, Ben-Zheng Li

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering

|September 30, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a real-time neural decoder for classifying odors from mouse brain activity. The field-programmable gate array system achieves high accuracy with minimal latency, advancing neural decoding applications.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Neural decoding reconstructs sensory stimuli from neural activity.
Real-time processing is crucial for closed-loop neural systems.
Olfactory processing involves complex neural computations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a real-time neural decoder hardware.
To classify inhaled odorants with minimal latency using neural responses.
To assess the decoder's performance in awake behaving mice.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a neural decoder on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).
Recording neural spikes from mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb of awake mice.
Classifying odorants based on sniff-wise population activity using the real-time decoder.

Main Results:

The FPGA-based neural decoder achieved a processing latency of 2.36 microseconds.
The system accurately classified inhaled odorants based on neural activity.
Performance was comparable to traditional offline neural decoding methods.

Conclusions:

Real-time neural decoding of olfactory stimuli is feasible with minimal latency.
The developed hardware offers a promising tool for neuroscience research.
This technology can advance applications in closed-loop neural control and sensory system studies.