The immediate effect of swimming stroke on pain in people with chronic low back pain: a crossover study
Deborah Wareham1, Joel Fuller1, Petra Graham2
1Department of Health Sciences and Spinal Pain Research Centre, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Rd, Macquarie University 2109, NSW, Australia.
Background:
Swimming is anecdotally suggested as a suitable exercise for chronic low back pain. However, swimming involves different strokes that require different movement patterns and, therefore, may impact low back pain symptoms differently. The extent to which different swimming strokes impact chronic low back pain differently is currently unknown.
Objectives:
This study compares and describes the intensity of pain experienced during and immediately after different swimming strokes in individuals with chronic low back pain.
Methods:
We recruited 30 adults with chronic low back pain. Participants swam 100 m of freestyle, breaststroke, and backstroke in a balanced, randomized sequence. The primary outcome was pain intensity during swimming, measured as average and worst pain (0-10 Numeric Pain Rating). Secondary outcomes included pain after swimming while standing and while completing an aggravating movement. Pain scores were compared between strokes using linear mixed-effects models that included a fixed effect of stroke and period, and a random effect for participant. Carry-over effects were investigated via a stroke-by-period interaction.
Results:
There was no evidence of carry-over effects for any outcome measure (P >0.15). Backstroke had lower average pain compared to breaststroke (mean difference, MD -0.63; 95% CI: -1.17 to -0.10) but was not different to freestyle (MD -0.27; 95% CI: -0.80 to 0.27), and lower worst pain compared to breaststroke (MD -1.10; 95% CI: -1.77 to -0.43) but was not different to freestyle (MD -0.60; 95% CI: -1.27 to 0.07). Standing pain had a similar pattern to the primary outcomes, but pain with an aggravating movement showed no statistically significant differences.
Conclusion:
Backstroke was the least painful swimming stroke during and immediately after swimming when compared to breaststroke, and to a lesser extent, freestyle. The average differences were typically small but may be important to the long-term effects. Swimming stroke should be considered by health professionals when prescribing an individualized swimming program.
Trial Registration:
This study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12624000263594).
