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Related Concept Videos

Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Biofilms01:29

Biofilms

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Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins
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Microbial exopolysaccharides as postbiotics: Structure, function, and translational potential.

Kshipra Pandey1, T V Geethu Prakash2, Haren Gosai1

  • 1Department of Bioscience, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|September 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbial exopolysaccharides are versatile postbiotics offering health benefits without live cells. Research explores their production, properties, and applications, highlighting potential for functional biomolecules.

Keywords:
ExopolysaccharidesImmunobioticImmunoregulatoryPostbiotic

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Biochemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The paradigm of microbial health benefits is shifting from probiotics to postbiotics.
  • Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are key postbiotic compounds with complex structures and diverse functions.
  • EPS offer benefits without requiring live microbial cells, making them attractive functional biomolecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) as postbiotics.
  • To examine their origins, biosynthesis, properties, and analytical methods.
  • To explore their functional bioactivities and applications in various industries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of microbial origins, classification, and biosynthesis of EPS.
  • Analysis of extraction, purification, and structural characterization techniques (traditional and modern).
  • Exploration of functional properties (immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor) and applications.

Main Results:

  • EPS are high-molecular-weight polysaccharides produced by microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria.
  • They possess diverse bioactivities including immune modulation, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.
  • Applications span food technology, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical engineering.

Conclusions:

  • Exopolysaccharides are promising postbiotic biomolecules with significant potential.
  • Challenges in production scalability, standardization, and regulatory approval need addressing.
  • Emerging multi-omics, bioinformatics, and AI approaches offer new insights into EPS structure-function relationships.