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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Harnessing Redox: Biocomposites Modulate Macrophage-Stem Cell Dynamics in Osteo-Inflammation.

Ziyang Min1, Yi Zou2, Yuanling Meng2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews
|September 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Oxidative stress disrupts bone repair by altering macrophage balance and stem cell function. Modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) with biomaterials and nanomedicine promotes healing and regeneration.

Keywords:
antioxidationbiocompositemacrophage polarizationosteogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Oxidative stress (OS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly impact bone repair and regeneration.
  • An imbalance in ROS disrupts macrophage polarization (M1/M2) and affects mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation and osteoclast activity.
  • Antioxidant defenses naturally counteract OS, but therapeutic strategies are needed to optimize bone healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate relationship between OS, macrophage polarization, and stem cell-driven osteogenesis in bone regeneration.
  • To explore how ROS levels influence bone healing and identify therapeutic targets.
  • To highlight innovative biomaterial and nanomedicine strategies for modulating ROS and macrophage phenotypes to enhance bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the role of ROS in bone repair.
  • Analysis of mechanisms linking ROS to macrophage polarization and MSC osteogenesis.
  • Exploration of biomaterial and nanomedicine approaches for redox modulation and immune reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • ROS imbalance impedes bone healing by disrupting M1/M2 macrophage equilibrium and negatively affecting MSCs and osteoclasts.
  • Engineered biocomposites can recalibrate ROS levels, resolving inflammation and shifting macrophages to an M2 phenotype.
  • This immune reprogramming enhances MSC osteogenesis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis, offering solutions for various bone defects.

Conclusions:

  • Redox modulation via engineered biocomposites is a promising strategy for bone regeneration.
  • Nanotechnology and biomaterials can precisely control ROS to promote a pro-regenerative microenvironment.
  • This integrated approach offers transformative therapeutic potential for inflammatory bone diseases and defects.